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Sample text

Laser™ never gained much popularity and never was approved for perforations of congenital lesions in the US. The second source of energy tried was high-energy radiofrequency. When applied to the tip of a wire, this energy did perforate tissues, but only for a short depth. qxp 22 11/14/2008 11:54 AM Page 22 COMPLICATIONS DURING PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTIONS FOR CONGENITAL AND STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE A source of radiofrequency energy was readily available in the radiofrequency generators used widely in electrophysiology ablations.

Each of these characteristics imparts the specific and/or special properties to the balloons. In addition to the basic characteristics mentioned, the material of the balloon also influences thickness of the balloon wall and the folding characteristics of the balloons, both of which will influence the ease or difficulty of introducing and/or removing the balloons from the vascular system. There is no one ideal balloon. Often a balloon will have some ideal characteristics, but, at the same time, some other equally unfavorable or even dangerous characteristic.

These balloons are optimal in the very small infant and/or when only a small and temporary septostomy hole is necessary. The Miller-Edwards™ Balloon Septostomy Catheter (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) is an extruded catheter with a single lumen connected to a Latex™ balloon at the tip. The Latex™ balloon is very compliant and, in order to be truly effective, it must be inflated with 5–6 cc of fluid to make the balloon even somewhat non-compliant. With a 4 or 6 cc volume the balloon reaches approximately 2 cm in diameter, and at that diameter the balloon does lose most of its compliance.

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